To ensure that instruction is meeting every student's needs, teachers must have access to and use appropriate reading assessment tools: screening measures to identify children at risk of reading failure, periodic progress monitoring to ensure that instruction is appropriate and students are on track, and diagnostic assessments to identify special needs some students may have.
Data from these assessments should inform instruction, small-group placement, intervention and referral for special services. It is more effective to intervene early with struggling readers than it is to try to catch them after they've experienced long-term reading failure. Therefore, schools must provide appropriate, timely, intensive, systematic intervention for those students who need it; to do so may require both reallocation of current resources and new resources to implement such intervention.
Our students deserve no less. Teachers can't teach what they haven't been taught; yet, too few teachers have been provided the necessary knowledge and skills in research-based reading instruction during their preservice or in-service preparation. Phonics instructions helps children recognize and associate the sounds of the letters and letter patterns in the words they read.
Phonics instruction is a vital part of a literacy program for these reasons:. The NRP explains the goal of phonics instruction is to provide students with the knowledge and ability to use the alphabet to make progress in learning to read, write, and comprehend English. Vocabulary can be defined as the knowledge of words and their meanings.
The purpose of teaching vocabulary is for children to understand words and to use them to acquire and convey meaning. Vocabulary is an important component of a literacy program because the more words that a child knows and understands the more the child will comprehend when reading.
Vocabulary is an important component in a successful literacy program because:. Fluency in reading should include consistent speed, accuracy, and the use of proper expression. Fluency is achieved when a child is no longer focusing on how to read. Helping children read fluently is very important to a successful literacy program. Fluency is linked directly to comprehension, and once it is achieved, a student can start focusing on the meaning of what they read. Fluency can be achieved by using a literacy program that combines phonemic awareness, phonics instruction, and vocabulary.
The NRP suggests that there is a commonality in fluency research, stating that fluency develops through lots of reading practice. This not only includes reading, but also what is written. Having students attain comprehension of what they are reading and writing is very important. Comprehension is an important component of an effective literacy program for a few reasons:. Writing is the process of students generating text, whether on paper or on a screen.
Some studies suggest that reading and writing are interconnected although they have been taught separately for years. Writing is an important part of a literacy program:.
Writing and reading strengthen and support each other, actively combining all the other components of a literacy program together. An effective literacy program should encompass all six of these components. Each component is a piece of the puzzle that when assembled together in a coherent way results in a successful literacy program. Check it out! This blog is the first in a series about literacy programs. Stay tuned for a more in-depth look at each component in an effective literacy program.
The next blog in the series will be about phonemic awareness. Erin has a bachelor's degree in history and has spent time doing primary source research in England. Erin will mostly be writing blogs from the perspective of a first-time parent. Reading programs are designed to teach children the core literacy skills needed to be successful at school with a progressive sequence of interactive and motivational lessons.
Before being able to start building that foundation of literacy skills, however, your kid needs to feel comfortable doing it. Comprehension is the complex cognitive process readers use to understand what they have read. Vocabulary development and instruction play a critical role in comprehension. The National Reading Panel determined that young readers develop text comprehension through a variety of techniques, including answering questions quizzes and summarization retelling the story.
Learn more about comprehension. The National Reading Panel Report did not include spelling as one of the essential components of reading. The report implied that phonemic awareness and phonics instruction had a positive effect on spelling in the primary grades and that spelling continues to develop in response to appropriate reading instruction. However, more recent research challenges at least part of the National Reading Panel's assumption. A group of researchers found that, although students' growth in passage comprehension remained close to average from first through fourth grade, their spelling scores dropped dramatically by third grade and continued to decline in fourth grade Mehta et al.
Progress in reading does not necessarily result in progress in spelling. Learn more about spelling. Learn more about the National Reading Panel Intervention programs that address these reading components. Mehta, P. Literacy as a unidimensional construct: Validation, sources of influence and implications in a longitudinal study in grades 1—4.
Scientific Studies of Reading , 9 2 , pp.
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