Studies reported on the prevalence and incidence of gout itself would, therefore, provide a direct and more concrete evidence for further analysis and projection, in both clinics and research. Conclusion Gout is a crystal-deposition rheumatic disease, more commonly seen in men and the older pop- ulation. An update on the fundamental descriptive epidemiology of gout has considerably added to our knowledge and understanding of the disease. Exceptionally high gout prev- alence is found in Taiwanese aboriginal and New Zealand Maori populations.
Gout seems to be more prevalent in an urban population with high-purine diet intake, excessive alcohol consumption and physical inactivity. Increased risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality have been linked with gout. Gout incidence and prevalence have been on the increase in the past few decades.
Trends in increased alcohol use, changes in dietary habits, more modernised lifestyle, obesity and MS might explain the increase over time. The knowledge could be used and incorporated into health promotion and education programmes for healthy diet and active lifestyle as well as the long-term management of gout patients. Nature Genetics Apr;40 4 — Annals of Internal Medicine Nov 16; 10 —9.
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Journal of Rheumatology Oct;32 10 : —7. Gout incidence, prevalence, morbidity and mortality, geographical variation of the disease, relevant risk factors for both the occurrence and outcome of gout and trends of the disease over time are then described. Difficulties in obtaining the information and data reported are also discussed. Full text links Read article at publisher's site DOI : Smart citations by scite. The number of the statements may be higher than the number of citations provided by EuropePMC if one paper cites another multiple times or lower if scite has not yet processed some of the citing articles.
Explore citation contexts and check if this article has been supported or disputed. Dietary supplements for chronic gout. Uric acid extrarenal excretion: the gut microbiome as an evident yet understated factor in gout development.
Incident gout and weight change patterns: a retrospective cohort study of US adults. Similar Articles To arrive at the top five similar articles we use a word-weighted algorithm to compare words from the Title and Abstract of each citation. Diagnosis of chronic gout: evaluating the american college of rheumatology proposal, European league against rheumatism recommendations, and clinical judgment. Gout and hyperuricemia. Gout: an update.
Gout: epitome of painful arthritis. New insights into the epidemiology of gout. Joining Europe PMC. Tools Tools overview. ORCID article claiming. Other risk factors associated with gout in Maori men were body mass and blood pressure. In addition, obesity, commonly seen among the Maoris, could also accentuate their natural tendency to hyperuricaemia and gout. Although the same characteristics of the disease were presented as those reported in Caucasians, a lower frequency of diabetes mellitus was seen in a South American Guatemalan population.
In this Guatemalan population, mean sUA was higher than 7. A similar period of the occurrence was also reported in Japanese gouty patients. In the Chinese—Taiwanese population, the first attack frequently occurred between the third and fifth decades In addition, the studied patients had more frequent gouty attacks and the interval from the first attack to visible tophi was shorter than in other studies previously reported in Caucasians.
Within Caucasians, gout attack was reported to occur during different seasons of the year. In Italy, the first gout attack was reported to occur mainly in the months of June and July summer and December winter.
Even though gout was considered rare in urban, black South Africans, changing dietary habits and a more modernised lifestyle, together with improving socioeconomic conditions, were found to be contributing significantly to the increasing prevalence of the disease.
It was apparent that with increasing obesity, gout has become endemic in China. In the Chinese population, hyperuricaemia and gout were associated with dietary and lifestyle changes. Urban residents showed a much higher prevalence of hyperuricaemia compared with rural residents Similarly, higher prevalence was noted in a developed city compared with a less developed city These differences were highly correlated with economic development, as manifested by the increase of daily consumption of meat and seafood.
An urban Taiwanese population showed higher prevalence of gout compared with the rural population 0. A similar pattern of gout prevalence 0. A significantly lower prevalence of gout in rural areas compared with urban cohorts in black Africans has led to the suggestion that environmental factors associated with urbanisation may influence the disease pathogenesis.
In the Polynesian population of Western Samoa, prevalence of gout was similar for men in urban and rural areas 2. Gout prevalence of 1. In north Pakistan, gout prevalence of 0. The age-standardised RR of developing gout between and was reported to be 9. The RR of gout associated with drinking regularly was 2.
Similar to other African and Western countries, in black South Africans, Togo and Guatemala, the main risk factors for gout were excessive alcohol consumption, overweight and obesity and hypertension.
Epidemiology of gout: An update. Descriptive epidemiology Gout is a crystal-deposition rheumatic disease. Case definition Two less common criteria used for the diagnosis of gout and referred to in clinical studies related to the disease were based on recommendations to two international symposia, held in Rome and New York , sponsored by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences C.
Table 1. Rome and New York diagnosis criteria for gout. Rome Criteria New York Criteria 1. Painful joint swelling. Abrupt onset, clearing in 1—2 weeks initially 1.
Two attacks of painful limb joint swelling. Abrupt onset and remission in 1—2 weeks initially 2. An attack involving a great toe-as described in criteria 1 above 3. Presence of tophi 3. Presence of a tophus 4. Presence of urate crystals in synovial fluid 4. Response to colchicine-major reduction in inflammation within 48 h.
Table 2. Proposition 1. In acute attacks the rapid development of severe pain, swelling, and tenderness that reaches its maximum within just 6—12 h, especially with overlying erythema, is highly suggestive of crystal inflammation though not specific for gout. For typical presentations of gout such as recurrent podagra with hyperuricaemia a clinical diagnosis alone is reasonably accurate but not definitive without crystal confirmation.
Demonstration of MSU crystals in synovial fluid or tophus aspirates permits a definitive diagnosis of gout. A routine search for MSU crystals is recommended in all synovial fluid samples obtained from undiagnosed inflamed joints. Identification of MSU crystals from asymptomatic joints may allow definite diagnosis in intercritical periods. There is no cure for gout, but you can effectively treat and manage the condition with medication and self-management strategies. Gout flares start suddenly and can last days or weeks.
These flares are followed by long periods of remission—weeks, months, or years—without symptoms before another flare begins. Gout usually occurs in only one joint at a time. It is often found in the big toe.
Along with the big toe, joints that are commonly affected are the lesser toe joints, the ankle, and the knee. Top of Page. Gout is caused by a condition known as hyperuricemia, where there is too much uric acid in the body. The body makes uric acid when it breaks down purines, which are found in your body and the foods you eat. When there is too much uric acid in the body, uric acid crystals monosodium urate can build up in joints, fluids, and tissues within the body.
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