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Open Court. Doing Right by Our Animal Companions. Added to PP index Total views 30 , of 2,, Recent downloads 6 months 3 , of 2,, How can I increase my downloads? Sign in to use this feature. About us. Editorial team. Miscellaneous Rights in Social and Political Philosophy categorize this paper. Applied ethics. History of Western Philosophy. Normative ethics. Philosophy of biology. Philosophy of language. Philosophy of mind. Philosophy of religion. Science Logic and Mathematics. Yet the idea of free will does not come from science.
Its origins are in religion — not just any religion, but the Christian faith against which humanists rail so obsessively.
This means at some point, a child with this genetic mutation was born. Imagine that — a parent with no free choice and her child with free choice, as a result of a mutation.
And as a result of natural selection, the free choice gene spread throughout the population. I think the illusion of free choice came as a result of religious dogma and our desire to view ourselves as special, not any mutation.
Just like an ant can choose to go left or right and ultimately does one action over the other based on genes and environment, it has free choice. If you think this is ridiculous then use apes as an example.
An ape can choose to do or not do something. It can slap you in the face or not. What made it decide one course of action over another? Genes and environment. To think only humans have free choice is arrogant, simple-minded and demonstrates our limitless capacity for delusion. How this idea can help us: Understanding ourselves as animals can illuminate our understanding of human nature in general. We think technology will save us, but humans are the users of technology, so technological use will reflect our own human nature.
Progress in science and technology, he argues, does not invariably lead to social and political progress. He claims and I agree that scientific progress is unstoppable and self-perpetuating. However, the same is not true of political, social and economic progress. On the contrary, a country excessively preoccupied with moral and ethical restraints would surely be defeated by an enemy willing to cast aside moral constraints for the sake of victory.
World unrest and instability will come — the question is when not if. As organized religions decline, we instead take on the religion of Humanism, Morality, Truth, Goodness, Progress, Technology and Science. Almost all cultures and societies sought salvation by one means or another, and modern culture is no different.
He claims that today liberal humanism has the pervasive power that was once possessed by organized religion. Even a group of people most averse to religion will develop into a form of religion as we see among atheist, skeptical and tech communities. Gray believes that human nature is more powerful than any moral ideals. Since there is no ultimate truth to morality, but rather only something that humans construct as a kind of salvation, morality can and will change with the blink of an eye.
At the height of their killing machines, Russia and Nazi Germany thought they were the most moral of all. Even now, we are beating the drums of war about how we need to attack ISIS because we are threatened in some way, or so we tell ourselves. I believe our morals now are ludicrous and will surely change, mostly because there is no absolute moral system.
Gray has helped me realize that Liberalism is just another religion. Modern liberals have a moral system that always favors the underdog and the historically repressed to an insane degree.
Political correctness has taken on an extreme insanity. Affirmative action is a bizarre idea that comes from this insanity. Any disadvantages blacks have in society by being black should surely be addressed to the best of our abilities, but this is not the way. Yet liberalism enthusiastically supports this. Paradoxically, modern liberals who are advocates of free speech often block freedom of speech — for example, when liberals torpedoed Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Netanyahu from speaking at their universities.
And what about when Larry Summers got sacked as the dean of Harvard for suggesting that there may be differences in intelligence at the tail ends between men and women but not the mean.
We are living in a time that freedom of speech is only tolerated by most intellectuals if it conforms to certain beliefs. How this idea can help us: I used to get annoyed when I saw people taking irrational positions.
Gray contends that economic life is no longer geared chiefly to production, but rather to distraction. I agree with him here. As technology progresses, our basic needs are met.
Think about how much you need to sustain a very simple life, without entertainment. In most places of the world, you can rent a simple room for less than dollars a month with internet and electricity and eat for less than , even eating healthy. If you want a computer, you can get a perfectly good one for dollars. In the West, even people with lower income jobs make this in a week.
We can have all our needs met AND learn any trade AND obtain any piece of information while working a quarter of the year even on a bad salary.
Yet with all of our needs met, most of us are still working hard. Because humans will always want to attain status, but also because we LOVE distractions, entertainment, and possessions, none of which lead to occupational success. We love designer brands of clothing and then get bored with it. We like going to Starbucks and dropping 6 bucks on a coffee and cookie instead of making our own for a fraction of the cost.
I would argue that the government desperately attempts to make people feel useful, so it ups the requirements for every job we can think of and the professions themselves form guilds that create requirements to artificially up the salary of the profession.
To be a doctor, you need to go through 10 years of schooling and then residency. And on top of all that we get shitty doctors who have to follow a specific protocol and act like robots. Almost every job I can think of can be performed by a competent person with just a few months of training.
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