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From this process, the wastewater firstly goes to the grit chamber, at the same time, the other useful elements will ship out. Then the water flow to the sedimentation tank for cleaning, and finally flow for the teritiary treatment. This is an auxillary system pip design diagram talks about the drying equipment process.
From this diagram, the main machines are water pump, plunger pump, draught fan, blocking valve, spiral feeder, and air blower. Here is the example of pip design diagram for grain logistics.
It is clear that the grain should weight firstly and put in the warehouse for distribution in different channels, including highway, railway, and ship. According to this article, there are mainly four parts to illustrate what is the pip design diagram, to tell you the symbols of pip design diagram, and to show you how easy and helpful EdrawMax pip design diagram tool is, then shows some pip design diagram templates and examples.
Creating a perfect pip design diagram with EdrawMax is an effective way to design. EdrawMax is an easiest all-in-one diagramming tool, you can create pip design diagrams and any other type diagrams with ease! With substantial pip design diagram symbols and cliparts, making pip design diagrams could be as simple as possible. Also, it supports to export your work in multiple formats and share your work with others.
Get started to create your pip design diagrams now! EdrawMax is an advanced all-in-one diagramming tool for creating professional flowcharts, org charts, mind maps, network diagrams, UML diagrams, floor plans, electrical diagrams, science illustrations, and more. Just try it, you will love it! True Romance from Edraw. Windows Mac. Windows Users' choice Refrigeration piping design software Refrigeration piping design software Most people looking for Refrigeration piping design software downloaded: Saravel Refrigerant Pipe Sizing.
Refrig for Windows. Cold Room Calc. HVAC Tools. Refrigeration Package for FlyCarpet Shareware. Trenton Calcu-Load Calc-Rite Load Program. Transition Contours. Welding Bevel Design. Preparation of Inside Diameter of Welding End. Mandatory Appendices. Nonmandatory Appendix. This covers straight pipe; however, to facilitate the mechanical jointing, the changes of direction, changes in O. Pipe fitting components are used for one or more functions: Change of direction" and 45" elbows. Change of direction-equal tee.
Printed with the permission of ASME. Reduction in pipe size-eccentric and concentric reducers, swages. Reinforced branch fitting-Weldolet, Sockolet, Threadolet. Mechanical joints-flanges. Pipe fittings used for projects designed to ASME B31 code are made to standard dimensions, based on their size and wall thickness. These fixed dimensions are essential to allow a piping designer to lay out or route the piping system efficiently.
All these piping components can be joined together by several welding and mechanical methods: butt-weld, socket weld or threaded ends, flanges bolts and gaskets , or proprietary mechanical joints Victaullic, hub ends. At the beginning of the welding process the two butt-weld ends are place together with a root gap. This gap is occupied with the first pass or filler material.
Nondestructive examination NDE can be carried out to guarantee that this weld is sound and defect free. Butt-weld fittings include elbows, tees full and reducing , and eccen- tric and concentric reducers covered in ASME B It covers fittings of any producible wall thickness.
The standard covers the following subjects: 1. Pressure Ratings. Fitting Dimensions. Surface Contours. End Preparation. Design Proof Test. Production Tests. To give added confidence, this fillet weld can be subjected to NDE to raise the level of confidence in the weld. Threaded connec- tions are limited to low pressures and should not be used at elevated temperatures, where bending moments are expected, or cyclic condi- tions, because the geometry of the threaded connection might become distorted.
Socket-weld and threaded fittings include elbows, tees full and reducing , eccentric and concentric reducers, couplings, and the like that are covered in ASME B The B This document covers the following subjects: Committee Roster. It is a mechanical joint that, if assembled correctly, using the correct components and the right bolting procedure, results in a leak- free connection that can be dismantled and reassembled, if necessary.
A flange is an integral fitting with two distinct areas; The flange blade with the bolt holes and the sealing face. The flange hub with the pipe connection ends. The flange blade is the circular area through which there is a standard bolting pattern, based on the O. It has a seal face accurately machined to a predeter- mined finish, on which the gasket sits and a flange back on which the nut sits. The hub is located on the back of the blade and it receives the pipe.
Socket weld flanges-attached by one socket weld, medium integrity. Threaded flanges-attached by one threaded end, low integrity. Slip-on flanges-attached by one or sometimes two fillet welds, medium integrity. Lap joint n stub end flanges-attached by one butt-weld on the stub end, high integrity. Blind flanges-attached by a mechanical bolt up to any mating flange. Weld Neck Flanges Weld neck WN flanges are available at all sizes and ratings, and they offer the best alternative for combined high integrity, medium instal- lation cost, and standardization.
They come in a variety of flange fac- ings, including the three most commonly available: raised face RF , with low-, medium-, and high-pressure classes; flat face FF , with a low-pressure class; and ring-type joint RTJ , with low-, medium-, high-, and very high-pressure classes. The weld neck flange is an integral one-piece component, with two distinct parts: the hub and the blade. The blade has a drilling pattern that allows it to be mated against other compatible flanges.
The weld neck design and the high- integrity butt-weld make this the most robust option for a flange that will be subjected to elevated temperatures and pressures. The butt-weld can be examined using magnetic particle inspection MPI , dye penetrant inspection DPI , radiography, or ultrasonic inspection. The flat-face or "full-face" flange has a gasket surface in the same plane as the bolting circle face.
Applications using flat-face or full-face flanges frequently are those in which the mating flange or flanged fitting is made from a casting and the flush mating means no possibility for the flange blade to bow and crack or deform. Raised and flat flange facings are machined, and they may be either phonographic spiral serrated or concentric serrated. Phonographic means that the finishing groove spirals in toward the center of the flange blade and a concentric grooving means a series of unconnected concentric grooves on the face of the flange.
The industry norm is a phonographic serrated finish. The facing finish is measured by visual comparison with roughness average Ra standards. Ra is stated in micro inches pin or microme- ters pm and shown as an arithmetic average roughness height AARH or root mean square rms.
AARH and rms are different methods of calculation giving essentially the same result and are used interchangeably for these products. The micro profile on the flange face bites into the soft gasket that is trapped between the other mating flanges by the compressive forces applied during the bolt-up.
The industry standard Ra supplied by manufacturers is to pin or 3. The short form is AARH or 3. Other finishes are available at the customer's request.
The gasket contact surface for a ring-type joint flange is inside the groove cut into the face. The steel ring gasket fits into the grooves of the mating flanges and is sealed with pressure. The finish in the ring grooves and on the ring gasket is 63 pin AARH or 1. The pipe is inserted into the socket hub and fillet welded into place. Radiography is not practical on the fillet weld; therefore, correct fit- ting and welding is crucial.
The fillet weld may be inspected by sur- face examination, magnetic particle, or liquid penetrant examination methods. The fillet weld used to attach the pipe to the flange is not considered a high-integrity weld, and NDE is not so easy to perform. Hence, the use of socket weld flanges is restricted to low- and medium-pressure classes, up to ASME class.
The flange facings also usually are restricted to raised-face and flat-faced flanges. Use of these flanges at elevated temperatures is not recommended, because the geometry of the thread may deform at elevated temperatures. Because it is a screwed connection, it lacks the integrity of either a butt-weld or a socket-weld joint. A n advan- tage is that the threaded connection is not permanent and it can be disassembled.
The integrity of this connection can be improved by seal welding using fillet weld; however, this makes it a permanent joint. Lap-JointFlanges with a Stub End A lap-joint flange is a two-component assembly, with a stub end that has a lap-joint ring flange placed over it. The stub end is then butt welded to the pipe, and the flange ring can be rotated to align with the mating flange. This type of flange connection is particularly useful for large or hard-to-adjust flanges. The lap joint flange can be used in sizes and pressure classes similar to that of a weld-neck flange.
The nature of this joint means that the stub end facing is also the flange facing, which makes it raised faced, and the gasket seating surface. Like the weld-neck fitting, the lap-joint flange butt-weld connection can be examined using magnetic particle inspection, dye penetrant inspection, radiography, or ultrasonic inspection. Slip-on Flanges The slip-on flange has a very low-profile hub, through which the pipe is passed.
Generally, two fillet welds are performed, one internal and one external. Although the initial cost of a slip-on flange is less than a weld neck, by the time the two fillet welds have been performed, there is very little difference in the cost.
Generally, the slip-on flange is available in similar sizes as a weld-neck flanges, but it is not commonly used above ASME class Blind Flange A blind flange is a closure plate flange that terminates the end of a piping system. It can be used in combination with all of the previous flanges at all sizes and all pressure classes.
It comes in the following facings: raised faced low-, medium-, and high-pressure classes , flat faced low-pressure class , and ring-type joint low-, medium-, high-, and very high-pressure classes. This standard is limited to flanges and flanged fittings made from cast or forged materials, blind flanges, and certain reducing flanges made from cast, forged, or plate materials.
Also included in this standard are requirements and recommenda- tions regarding flange bolting, flange gaskets, and flange joints. The subject matter is as follows: Committee Roster.
Flanges may be cast, forged, or plate for blind flanges only materials, as listed in Table 1A. The subject matter is as follows: Standards Committee Roster. Unlike pipe and piping fittings, valves are multicomponent items, with a variety of materials of construction and static statio- nery and dynamic moving parts. They are a vital part of a piping system and, depending on their design, are capable of transporting liquids, gases, vapors, and slurries.
Next Page 2. The origins of valves can be traced back to the Romans, who used what would be called a pZug-type vaZve to start, stop, and divert the flow of water in channels and pipes. Globe valves. Check valves. Ball valves. Plug valves. Butterfly valves.
Pinch or diaphragm valves. Control valves. Each of these can be subdivided in other groupings based on their design and materials of construction. Valves can be operated either manually, by operating personnel, or using an independent power source, either electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic, depending on the power requirement and availability. A valve is a multicomponent item that has both dynamic moving and static nonmoving parts.
Regulate flow butterfly valve -throttle or globe valve. Prevent backflow-nonreturn or check valve. Control flow-control valve. Valves selected for ASME B31 code projects are governed by numerous international standards and specifications, which have been created to ensure that the valve selected will function predictably and the possibility of in service malfunction is avoided. These standards cover the type of valve, design, construction, compo- nents, dimensions, testing, and marking.
These codes and standards contain the rules and requirements for design, pressure-temperature ratings, dimensions, tolerances, materials, nondestructive examinations, testing, and inspection and quality assurance. Compliance to these and other standards is invoked by reference to codes of construction, specifica- tions, contracts, or regulations.
C, Cast-Iron Sluice Gates. A valve whose closure member moves in a straight line to the open or closed position is linear. This includes gate, globe, and diaphragm valves. A valve whose closure member travels rotation- ally from the fully open to the fully closed position, usually in go", is rotary; it is also known as a quarter-turn valve. A valve whose clo- sure member moves without manual or motorized assistance is automatic.
This includes check valves, such as piston lift, swing, dual plate, and relief valves. Table summarizes the types of valves. Printed with the kind permission of Valvosider,srl, Italy. In the metric system, valve size is designated by the diarn2tre nominal DN in millimeters.
Many valves have a reduced internal port size; however, the valve size referenced is still based on the end connections. Printed with the kind permission of Goodwin International, Ltd. Printed with the permission of Resistoflex. The temperature shown for a corresponding pressure rating is the temperature of the pressure-containing shell or body of the compo- nent. It defines three types of classes: standard, special, and limited. Pressure Containing Parts Valve body, bonnet or cover, disc, and body-bonnet bolting are classified as pressure-retainingparts of a valve and form the pressure envelope or boundaries of the valve.
Printed with the permission of Curtiss Wright Controls. Printed with the permission of Durco. The following list provides a brief description of pressure retaining parts see Appendix B, Figure B-9 : Body. The valve body or shell forms part of the pressure containing envelope and is the essential framework that houses the internal valve parts. The body is in contact with the process media and should be compatible with the fluid that is transported.
It has an inlet and an outlet, which can be threaded, flanged, or weld end. The body can either be of a cast or a forged construction. Bonnet or Cover. The bonnet or cover is connected to the valve body by flanges, threaded or welded to complete the pressure- retaining shell. This part is in contact with the process fluid. The body can be of either cast or a forged construction. Bonnet or Cover Bolting. This fastening assembly includes bolts, nuts, and occasionally washers.
The bolting used must be made from materials acceptable for the application in accordance with the applicable code, standard, specification, or the governing regulation. Printed with the permission of Saunders. Body Bonnet Gasket. This component is trapped between the body and the bonnet.
The gasket is a sealing element held in place by the compressive forces applied by the set of bolts. Disc, Wedge, Ball, Plug, or Plate. A n intermediate position, between fully opened and fully closed, means that the part is in the throttling mode.
The part is not permanently a pressure-retaining part. Non-Pressure-ContainingParts These parts are not part of the pressure containing envelope, but they may be housed inside it. Non-pressure-retaining parts are the valve seat s , stem, yoke, packing, gland bolting, bushings, hand wheel, and valve actuators: Valve Seat s.
A valve may have one or more sealing seats, and this surface isolates the fluid. Globe, butterfly, and swing- check valves usually are referred to as single-seat valves. Gate and ball valves could be either single- or double-seat valves. A gate valve has two seating surfaces, one on the upstream side and the other on the downstream side. The gate-valve disc or wedge has two seating surfaces, one on either side of the gate that comes in contact with the valve seats to form a seal for stopping the flow.
The flow direction dictates that the downstream seat is more effective because of the force applied by the fluid. The downstream force makes the stem flex slightly and forces the gate against the downstream seat.
Generally, a gate valve has a metal-to-metal sealing surface, which makes a leaktight joint more difficult; therefore, a certain degree of leakage is acceptable, and this is defined in a valve standard, such as ASME B Valve Stem. The valve stem is the part that applies the necessary torque to raise, lower, or rotate the closure element; it opens, closes, or positions the closure element. In the globe valve, this is a linear motion. For ball, plug, and butterfly valves, this is a rotary motion.
The stem must be of sufficient mechanical strength not to shear during operation, and it is partially in contact with the process fluid, so the two must be compatible. The part of the stem exposed to the outside environment is threaded, while the section of stem inside the valve is smooth.
There are two styles of stems, one with the handwheel fixed to the top of the stem, so that they rise and fall together, and the other with a threaded sleeve that causes the stem to rise through the center of handwheel.
In the latter, a rising stem with outside screw and yoke O. Rising Stern with Inside Screw. The threaded part of the stem is inside the valve body, and the stem packing is along the smooth section exposed to the outside atmosphere. In this case, the stem threads are in contact with the flow medium. When rotated, the stem and the handwheel rise together to open the valve. This design is commonly used in the smaller-sized low- to moderate-pressure gate, globe, and angle valves.
Nonrising Stem with Inside Screw. The threaded section of the stem is inside the valve and does not rise. The valve disc travels along the stem like a nut when the stem is rotated.
Stem threads are exposed to the flow medium and, as such, are subjected to its impact. Therefore, this design is used where space is limited to allow linear stem movement, and the flow medium does not cause erosion, corrosion, or wear and tear of stem material. Sliding Stem. The stem does not rotate, and it is without a thread. It slides in and out of the valve packing to close, open, or position the valve closure member.
This design is used in hand-lever-operated, quick-opening valves. It is also used in control valves operated by hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders. Rotary Stem. This is the most commonly used stem design in ball, plug, and butterfly valves. A quarter-turn motion, 90" rotation of the stem opens, closes, or positions the valve closure member, Stem Packing. The stem packing of a valve performs one or both of the following functions, depending on the application: prevents leakage of flow medium to the environment most common or prevents outside air from entering the valve in vacuum applications less common.
The stem packing must have the mechanical characteristic to be compressed and create a sealing contact against the walls of the chamber of the stuffing box.
The packing also is partially in contact with the process fluid, so the two must be compatible. Stern Protector. A stem protector is used when the gate or globe valve is of an outside-screw-and-yoke,rising-stem design. The backseat is the part with a shoulder on the stem and a mating surface on the underside of the bonnet.
This combination forms a seal when the stem is in the fully open position. It prevents leakage of flow medium from the valve shell into the packing chamber and, consequently, to the environment. In some cases, it provides support for the gland pull-down bolts. The yoke must be mechanically robust enough to withstand forces, moments, and torque developed by an actuator. Yoke Bushings. The yoke bushings are internally threaded nuts held in the top of a yoke through which the valve stem passes.
As long as the correct materials are selected, the bolting method and procedures necessary to create a leak-free joint are in place, and suitably qualified personnel are avail- able, then a leak-free joint can be achieved.
This section deals with mechanical bolted flanged joints. It covers the necessary jointing components, gaskets and bolts, the various mate- rials of construction, and the procedures necessary to complete a leak- free seal between the two compatible flange faces. A flanged connection can be assembled and disassembled more easily than a welded joint, which should be considered an advantage if the mechanical joint is leak free.
A number of international standards cover the individual compo- nents required for a bolted jointing: flanges, gaskets, and bolts that must be used to achieve a satisfactory joint. Several standards have been written to enable designers to design bolted joints that ensure mechanical integrity, and they must be followed to obtain the best results. External environmental conditions. Flange face design.
Flange material. Gasket type and materials of construction. Fastener bolt and nut material. Bolting lubricant. Bolting procedure-torque tensioning and bolt-up sequence. Skilled workforce. Failure to address all of these will likely lead to a leak path that may result in a costly plant shutdown.
For standardization and interchangeability, these var- ious options are covered in numerous international standards. ASME has its own group of standards that cover the relevant components used in a mechanical bolt-up. Flange Standards A variety of standards are used in the design and selection of flanges. The following codes and standards relate to pipe flanges, and these are the ones most commonly used for process piping systems: ASME Codes and Standards B End Connection of flange The end connection of the flange specifies how the flange is attached to a neighboring pipe.
There are several alternatives, each with its own technical and commercial merits. This is a list of commonly available flange end types that have been discussed earlier: weld neck, slip on, lap joint, threaded, and socket weld. The surface finish of the faces is specified in the flange standards quoted previously: Raised Face.
The raised face is the most commonly used facing employed for steel flanges. The facing on the RF flange has a concentric or a spiral phonographic groove with a controlled surface finish. Sealing is achieved by compressing a flat, soft, or semi-metallic gasket between mating flanges in contact with the raised face portion of the flange.
Ring-Type Joint. This type is typically used for more severe duties than the RF surface, usually ASME classes above ; however, it is valuable in the lower-pressure classes. The seal is made by plastic deformation of the metallic RTJ gasket into the groove on the flange face, resulting in intimate metal-to-metal contact between the gasket and the flange groove.
The faces of the two opposing flange faces do not come into direct contact with each other, because a gap is maintained by the presence of the gasket. Such RTJ flanges normally have raised faces, but flat faces may also be used or specified. These flanges incorporate special metallic ring joint gaskets. The pitch diameter of the ring is slightly greater than the pitch diameter of the flange groove.
A Type 6BX flange joint that does not achieve face-to-face contact will not seal and, therefore, must not be put into service. Flat Face.
Flat-face flanges are a variant of raised-face flanges. Sealing is achieved by compression of a flat nonmetallic gasket between the two serrated surfaces of the mating FF flanges. The gasket covers the entire face of the flange sealing surface. FF flanges are normally used for the least arduous duties, such as low-pressure water piping having class and class flanges and flanged valves and fittings. Less Commonly Used Flange Faces. Other alternative types of flanges are available; however, due to international standardization in the energy industry, they are very rarely used on projects designed to one of the ASME B31 codes.
Maze-and-Female Facings. The outer diameter of the female face acts to locate and retain the gasket. Custom male- and-female facings are commonly found on the heat exchanger shell to channel and cover flanges. Tongue-and-groovefacings are standardized in both large and small types. They differ from male-and-female facings in that the inside diameters of the tongue-and-groove do not extend into the flange base, thus retaining the gasket on its inner and outer diameter.
These are commonly found on pump covers and valve bonnets. This is a very short identifier that describes the design of the flange and the type of flange facing. Nominal Pipe Size. NPS is a dimensionless designation to define the nominal pipe size of the connecting pipe, fitting, or nozzle. Flange Pressure Class. A material specification for flanges must be specified and be compatible to the piping material specifications.
Pipe Schedule.
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